Citation
A citation or bibliographic citation is a reference to a book, article, web page, or other published item with sufficient details to identify the item uniquely. Unpublished writings or speech, such as working papers or personal communications, are also sometimes cited. Citations are provided in scholarly works, bibliographies, and indexes. The word citation may also mean the act of citing a work, that is, providing a reference to the work in the form of a bibliographic citation.
Ruminations are used in scholarly works to give credit to or to acknowledge the influence of previous works or to refer to authority. Citations permit readers to put claims to the test by consulting earlier works. Authors often engage in earlier work directly, explaining why they agree or differ from earlier views. Ideally, sources are primary (first-hand), recent, with good ethos, credentials, and citations.
Varying rules and practices for citations apply in scientific citation, legal citation, the theology citation of authority (e.g. the isnad which "back" the hadith in Islam), the prior art that applies in patent law and marks applied in copyright. Definitions of plagiarism, uniqueness or innovation, trustworthiness or reliability vary so widely among these fields that the use of citations has no simple common practice.
Citations may be made in the body of text as parenthetical citations, in footnotes at the bottom of pages, or in endnotes at the end of the document. They are generally also listed in works cited page or section-also called the bibliography, source list, or list of references. The recording, use, and re-use of citations on computers is facilitated by reference management software, also known as citation management software.
Citation indices list published citations of a given work. In addition to being used for bibliographic discovery, they are used in bibliometrics for citation analysis and calculation of citation impact. The OpenURL standard is the basis for hyperlinks from citations in electronic published works or databases through to electronic copies of the full text of the cited work
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