Myanmar
| Republic of the Union of Myanmar (formerly known as Burma) |
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Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma (the official name until 1989), is a Southeast Asian country. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has a population of about 55 million. It borders India to its west, Bangladesh to its southwest, China to its northeast, Laos Thailand to its east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest. The country's capital city is Naypyidaw, and its largest city is Yangon (formerly Rangoon).
Early civilizations in the area included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Myanmar and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Myanmar. In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley. Following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture, and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell to Mongol invasions, and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo dynasty, the country became the largest empire in Southeast Asia for a short period. The early 19th-century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam. The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century, and the country became a British colony. After a brief Japanese occupation, Myanmar was reconquered by the Allies. On 4 January 1948, Myanmar declared independence under the terms of the Burma Independence Act 1947.
Myanmar's post-independence history has been checkered by continuing unrest and conflict. The coup d'état in 1962 resulted in a military dictatorship under the Burma Socialist Programme Party. On 8 August 1988, the 8888 Uprising resulted in a nominal transition to a multi-party system two years later. Still, the country's post-uprising military council refused to cede power and has continued to rule the country until now. The country remains riven by ethnic strife among its myriad ethnic groups and has one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars. The United Nations and several other organizations have reported consistent and systemic human rights violations in the country. In 2011, the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election, and a nominally civilian government was installed. Aung San Suu Kyi and political prisoners were released, and the 2015 Myanmar general election was held, leading to improved foreign relations and eased economic sanctions. However, the country's treatment of its ethnic minorities, particularly in connection with the Rohingya conflict, continued to be a source of international tension and consternation.[24] Following the 2020 Myanmar general election, in which Aung San Suu Kyi’s party won a clear majority in both houses, the Burmese military (Tatmadaw) again seized power in a coup d'état. The coup, which was widely condemned by the international community, led to continuous ongoing widespread protests in Myanmar and has been marked by violent political repression by the military, as well as a more significant outbreak of the civil war. The military also arrested Aung San Suu Kyi to remove her from public life and charged her with crimes ranging from corruption to violation of COVID-19 protocols; all of the charges against her are "politically motivated," according to independent observers.
Myanmar is a member of the East Asia Summit, Non-Aligned Movement, ASEAN, and BIMSTEC, but it is not a member of the Commonwealth of Nations despite once being part of the British Empire. Myanmar is a Dialogue Partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The country is rich in natural resources, such as jade, gems, oil, natural gas, teak, and other minerals, and endowed with renewable energy, having the highest solar power potential compared to other countries of the Great Mekong Subregion.[28] However, Myanmar has long suffered from instability, factional violence, corruption, poor infrastructure, as well as a long history of colonial exploitation with little regard to human development. In 2013, its GDP stood at US$56.7 billion, and its GDP was at US$221.5 billion. The income gap in Myanmar is among the widest in the world, as cronies of the military junta control a large proportion of the economy. Myanmar is one of the least developed countries; as of 2020, according to the Human Development Index, it ranks 147 out of 189 countries in human development, the lowest in Southeast Asia. Since 2021, more than 600,000 people have been displaced across Myanmar due to the surge in violence post-coup, with more than 3 million people in dire need of humanitarian assistance.
Spanking and Spanking Art in Myanmar
In the 20th century, school corporal punishment fell out of fashion and was gradually banned in many countries, a trend that continues until the present day.
As of May 2008, Myanmar permits corporal punishment in schools.
( We have no further information from SAOTK as of Oct, 2024 )
JCP in Myanmar (from Corpun.com
The theoretical legal position in Myanmar (previously known as Burma), a highly corrupt and dysfunctional country under military rule, is not very clear. In practice, canings in more or less British style are carried out with impunity by various government forces.
Prostitution in Myanmar
- Prostitution in Myanmar ↗ on Wikipedia
External links
- More information is available at [ Wikipedia:Myanmar ]
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